Antidepressants work by increasing the levels of specific chemicals in the brain, such as serotonin and norepinephrine. These chemicals, known as neurotransmitters, play a crucial role in transmitting signals between brain cells. An imbalance in these neurotransmitters can result in depression and its associated symptoms.
While these medications are frequently prescribed for treating depression, questions regarding their safety and side effects are common. This article aims to address some of the prevalent concerns surrounding these medications.
Side Effects of Antidepressants
All antidepressants carry the potential for side effects, though the severity can vary based on the specific type of medication.
Here are some common side effects:
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
- Agitation or anxiety
- Nausea
- Indigestion and stomach issues
- Diarrhea
- Constipation
- Loss of appetite
- Dizziness
- Difficulty sleeping (insomnia)
- Headaches
- Decreased libido
- Difficulty achieving orgasm during sexual activities
- Erectile dysfunction
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)
- Dry mouth
- Blurred vision
- Constipation
- Difficulty urinating
- Sleepiness
- Dizziness
- Weight gain
- Excessive sweating (especially at night)
- Heart rhythm issues (arrhythmia), such as palpitations or rapid heartbeat (tachycardia)
Long-term Effects of Antidepressants
Extended use of antidepressants can sometimes lead to serotonin syndrome, a rare but potentially severe condition caused by an excess of serotonin in the brain due to drug interactions.
Symptoms of serotonin syndrome may include:
- Confusion
- Agitation
- Muscle twitching
- Sweating
- Shivering
- Diarrhea
Other long-term side effects of using antidepressants may include:
- Sexual dysfunction
- Weight gain
- Emotional numbness
- Feeling detached from oneself
- Reduced positive emotions
- Dependency
- Decreased empathy
- Suicidal thoughts
Negative Effects on The Brain
Certain antidepressants can adversely affect brain function, potentially leading to more severe mental health issues. These effects can include:
- Increased suicidal ideation, particularly in individuals under the age of 25.
- Mania and bipolar disorder, especially when antidepressants are taken without a mood stabilizer.
- Decreased alertness, confusion, seizures, hallucinations, and memory problems, which can be triggered by incorrect dosages of antidepressants.