Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that specifically attacks the immune system, making individuals more vulnerable to a variety of illnesses and infections. If not managed appropriately, HIV can progress to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). While a complete cure for HIV is still out of reach, contemporary anti-retroviral medications allow patients to effectively control the condition.
**How does HIV spread?** The virus is mainly transmitted through the sharing of injection needles or direct contact with the bodily fluids, such as blood, seminal fluids, and vaginal fluids, of an infected person. Unprotected sexual intercourse with an HIV-infected partner is a considerable risk factor. Thus, using protection, like condoms, is essential for safety.
Below are some of the common modes of HIV transmission explained in detail:
- Sexual transmission: HIV is predominantly spread through sexual contact with an infected partner. The virus can enter the body during sexual activity through the linings of the vagina, vulva, penis, rectum, or mouth.
- Blood contamination: Contact with infected blood can also facilitate the spread of HIV. Although the risk of contracting HIV from blood transfusions is very low due to rigorous blood screening, it still exists.
- Needles: Sharing needles, syringes, or other drug-use equipment with someone who has HIV is a common route of transmission. Even though substance abuse is not endorsed, it is vital always to use a new needle when receiving tattoos or vaccinations.
- Mother-to-infant: Infants born to or breastfed by HIV-positive mothers can contract the virus.
Contrary to some misconceptions, HIV CANNOT be transmitted through:
- Saliva
- Sweat
- Tears
- Casual contact such as sharing food utensils, towels, or bedding
- Swimming pools
- Telephones
- Toilet seats
- Biting insects (e.g., mosquitoes)
How fast does HIV spread in the body?
Individuals with HIV might not exhibit infection symptoms for months or even years following infection. The time frame from HIV acquisition to the progression of AIDS can vary greatly, with about half of HIV-positive individuals developing AIDS within ten years of infection.
After contracting HIV, an individual might go through the following stages:
- Seroconversion illness: This initial phase may be so mild that it goes unnoticed by many individuals.
- Asymptomatic HIV stage: Most people feel fine and show no symptoms post-seroconversion. This stage, also known as the asymptomatic stage, can last for several years.
- Symptomatic HIV stage: Without proper treatment, the risk of diseases associated with a compromised immune system, including certain cancers and HIV-related complications, rises.
- Late-stage HIV: As the immune system becomes significantly damaged, there is a higher likelihood of experiencing severe opportunistic infections and cancers.
Medicines that prevent the spread of HIV
Taking HIV prevention medication after potential exposure is known as PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis). It benefits individuals who might have recently come into contact with HIV.
Initiating PEP as soon as possible is crucial. Typically, PEP is taken daily for 28 days if prescribed. Important points about PEP include:
- PEP is administered after potential HIV exposure.
- PEP is not a replacement for the continuous use of other HIV prevention methods.
- PEP is not ideal for those who are repeatedly exposed to HIV.
If you are at continuous risk of HIV due to frequent exposures, you should discuss pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP drugs) with your healthcare provider.